The effects of female reproductive cycle on metabolic rate Literature review

The effects of female reproductive cycle on metabolic rate - Literature review ExampleMuch is cognize about the reproductive cycle and its effects on co-morbid conditions during normal function, the pathology of disease states specifically or indirectly affecting reproduction, and changes due to ageing. However, considerably less is understood about the effects of the reproductive cycle in full-blooded women on many case-by-case factors, as this is their normal state and so there is no control against which to test, though there does comprise some research into the differences in metabolism between healthy women with amenorrhoea and those with a regular reproductive cycle (Maughan 2000). No standard exists for the correct levels of bleeding at different ages, for example, which is becoming a fairly substantial public health issue (Harlow & Ephross 1995). However, this research hopes to quantify differences in individual women at different points in their own reproductive cycle, focusing specifically on changes in metabolism, rather than comparing the women as a group to some other standard. The hypothesis to be tested is that a womans point in the reproductive cycle will have an effect on resting and post-exercise metabolism the null hypothesis being used is that it will not have an effect. Declining conception place combined with an enlarge in obesity among women of childbearing age make this research important to the afterwardlife of reproductive medicine it is vital that the connection between metabolism and reproduction is fully understood (Crain et al. 2008). In order to achieve this, metabolic rates will be measured at rest and after exercise using expired gas analysis weekly for four weeks. This timing has been chosen to undertake that a sample is taken during or close to each of the four stages of the reproductive cycle. These are the geological period phase, the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase, and the luteal phase (Porter 2009). The different length of time for each phase in individual women make it extremely difficult to ensure samples are taken during each phase, but the day at heart the cycle can be monitored so that the data can be corrected for this factor. Additionally, algorithms do exist to monitor an individuals reproductive cycle and measure at which point a particular woman is in her cycle, allowing careful recording of this related data (Wactawski-Wende et al. 2009). Each of these phases has a different effect on the woman experiencing them. The menstruation phase, which traditionally marks the start of the next reproductive cycle, is the period of time during which the uterine surround is shed in response to a reduction in oestrogen and progesterone levels. Bleeding occurs, though usually only in a volume of about fifteen to seventy-five millilitres. Menstruation rattling during the next phase of the cycle, the follicular phase, though they are being considered separately for purposes of this r esearch. During this follicular phase, there is an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone, which causes several follicles to begin to grow in preparation for releasing an ovum, or egg cell. This follicle thusly begins to produce oestrogen, of which levels peak at the ovulation phase. The ovulation phase is the point where the ovum is released from the follicle and is precipitated by a surge in both lutenizing and follicle-stimulat