Fraternization :: essays papers

FraternizationTo many peoples opinion of gestures of affection are morally correctand should be displayed anywhere one wants. Todays fiat has made any contour of publicly displaying affection out to be the unpardonable sin.But why? Why should we have to hide the fact that we like mortal fromour piers? If you choose to, that is one thing, but being force to hidethe fact that you like someone is, I think, an injustice to our right tothe pursuit of happiness.I dont think that on the final of creation, when paragon made Eve forAdam, God said, Now Adam dont bear upon. I just cant picture a God oflove, which is love, saying that. I think that God may have evenencouraged it a little, if He needed to. Publicly displaying affection is serious for the person receiving theaffection because they then know that in that location is someone in this world ofsix billion people that cares for them personally. Todays teachers havebeen told not to even touch a student because the school might b ecome suedfor sexual harassment. And, because of that we, the students enrolled inthe school, cant show our affection to each other. I mean just thinkabout it, if a student is sacking to harass someone they are going to doit, but if they are just showing affection their is no reason foralarm. I mean if you think about it, we wouldnt touch each other if wedidnt want to. So, all public displays of affection at school would beconsentual, therefore its not sexual harassment.Not only is it good for the person receiving the PDA, but the persongiving it is showing the emotions and stresses of the day in the way ofaffection. It takes your mind off of the troubles of the day by giving ua moment when your heart no longer beats irregularly, but because ofthat simple, calm, morally correct act of showing affection for someoneelse you are now change with an inner peace. Not a peace where you cantdo anything, but a peace were nothing in the world can bother you.Except when a person of supposed higher authority comes and says thatin a way, a small way, holding hands in the so-called place of learningis incorrect.Todays society has altered the thinking of people. Because of thenumerous sex offenders in the world, we cant show are affection withoutsomeone thinking how much money the person receiving the affection isgoing to sue for. Hand holding has been made out to be sex.

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

As the welcoming celebration for Beowulf goes on, Unferth begins to ridicule Beowulf about his swimming competition with Breca. Unferth is jealous and feels threatened by Beowulf for he would not allow that any other man of middle-earth should ever achieve more glory under the heavens than himself. (Norton p. 33) Unferth is a very peculiar character. Although he has committed the horrific crime of killing his brother(s), he is privileged enough to sit at the feet of the king, a very respected position. His sin,an enormous violation of the comitatus, suggests that on that point is something wrong in Hrothgars kingdom and perhaps helps to foreshadow its destruction. Ultimately, it will be destroyed, as the text says, by a fire after sword-hate between son-in-law and father-in-law to wake after murderous rage. (Norton p. 28). Unferth tries to put Beowulf down by saying that Beowulf once risked his life for pride and foolish boast. He also points out that Breca has beaten Beowulf in the swimming and that he therefore expects him to lose the crusade with Grendel as well. Unferth is arrogant, obnoxious and the only one who challenges Beowulf. However, later when Beowulf fights with Grendels mother, Unferth lends him his sword. This can be seen as a shocking gesture, and a redemption of Unferth for the way he has behaved. However, it can also provide further proof of Unferths incompetence as a warrior. Because he is scared to fight himself, he passes on his sword to Beowulf. Beowulf answers Unferths words of envy with his side of the story. He says that Unferth is drunk and obviously knows nothing about the competition. Continuing, Beowulf explains that he won the contest patronage the heavy attack by sea-monsters. From this story, we see further proof of Beowulfs supernatural powers. The competition occurs during the winter in the freezing water, yet Beowulf is able to swim for fin nights armed with a heavy sword, in full armor and mail . When the battle is o ver, Beowulf finds himself on the shore lying next to nine sea monsters that he killed with his sword and modestly attributes his victory to both courage and fate. His comment that, Fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good (Norton p. 34) shows his belief that Fate will forever shape him and aid him as long as he is courageous.

Internet and Technology :: essays research papers

Opportunities and Challenges of the Internet In a world of light-speed selective information transmission, any individual with little training and expertise can piddle a fortune from the Internet. Many companies, like E-bay or Amazon.com, thrive from business done only through Internet transactions. As computer technology progresses, data transmission becomes faster, and as high level encryption becomes available for public use, the amount of Internet consumers also grows. Technology advances also allow employees to work from house faster and safer. A managers first challenge is to create a presence on the web. With a phone line, computer, and HyperText Markup Language (HTML) authoring tools, a business can campaign or do business over the Internet. HTML authoring tools can be freeware, like Sausage Softwares Hot Dog, or advanced and expensive utilities like Microsoft straw man Page. Any computer user familiar with a word processor can effectively use these applications with mini mal training. Putting the HTML and graphic files on an Internet service providers (ISP) servers is sufficient for relatively low traffic sites. Some online businesses, like Amazon.com, handle hundreds of thousands of people, or hits, everyday. They require specialized hardware and cabling to control the gigantic amount of traffic on there site per day. A managers second challenge is to make the businesss web site visible on the Internet. The first metre in this process would be immortalizeing a domain name. Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique number attached to it called an IP address. To alter finding specific computers on the Net, the numbers where substituted with alias called domain name. The names come in two levels, before and after the dot. Fees are generally a $70 startup cost then $35 per year to hold the license of the name. Network Solutions Inc. is the official registrar of domain names. Individuals in the past absorb registered company names, lik e Coca-Cola, to themselves and then sold the domain license to the company for thousands of dollars. There are currently more than four million domain names registered with Network Solutions. Domain name registration is not required but makes your site much easier to find. Another way to make your site visible is to register certain key course with the most popular search engines like Yahoo and Alta Vista. Keywords are a small number of words that describe your site and business. These are the words web surfers will most likely type in to find your page.

Independent Media and the Internet Essay -- Newspapers Journals News P

Independent Media and the Internet Independent Media has long existed across the globe. As the voice of dissent it is often repressed by g overnments and corporations that look the pass over the truth. Indy Media began as print newspapers that often faced high production cost and difficult means of expanding beyond local circulation. They did not have the established means and financial backing that major news corporations had. Indy newspapers were often hard to obtain, quite expensive, and unable to cover all major topics due to resources. Journals such as The democracy and The Progressive managed to obtain nationwide circulation, but were often unknown outside of politically left leaning groups. Sources such as The Nation actually began as a way to promote leftist ideals and views. Most mainstream media was slightly well balanced due to government restrictions on ownership and responsibility. The population of the United States was receiving fairly unbiased infor mation. Then came the Clinton Administration and the decision to deregulate the Broadcast Industry. Almost all major media outlets were swallowed up by a few large corporations. In several years following the deregulation the whole industry would be controlled by seven enormous corporate conglomerates. They would come to favor profits over journalistic integrity. As advocates of big business the unspoken policy has been that the news should also be portrayed with conservative slants. In 1995 only 7.5% of quotes on video programming were from progressives (Myths). At approximately the same time that media was being engulfed in corporatism came the internet boom. The first organization to really take initiative with this new middling was th... ...85684604&dyn=8xrn_7_0_A85684604?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe Journalist describes his illegal detention. BBC Monitoring International Reports. 6 February 2002. 1 April 2003 <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613 /35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A85327330&dyn=8xrn_13_0_A85327330?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe journalist Mark Chavunduka, 1965-2002. Ed. Bill Krueger. Winter 2002. Nieman Reports, Harvard University. 2 April 2003. 3 April 2003 <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A97175093&dyn=8xrn_1_0_A97175093?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe Some 500 opposition supporters reportedly detained, tortured. BBC Monitoring International Reports. 11 April 2003. <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A99943264&dyn=6xrn_24_0_A99943264?sw_aep=viva_jmu.

College English - A Holistic Dialogue with Myself Essay example -- Tea

College English - A Holistic Dialogue with Myself The air was crisp and alter with the promise of snow. My first day of my first semester, I ran hurriedly upon the main thoroughfares of University Park, campus short cuts and walkways were yet unknown. Stopping occasionally, I took a knee, pulled out my highlighted map, and felt compelled to outcome an azimuth. Snow fell around me my water tube dripped slowly my muskrat hat caught the flakes within the fine bristles of the visor. Aviation glasses plastered to my face and commitment pockets bulgy with my keys, student schedule, rolled up map, and glasses case, I stood up quickly and ran for class. Electrical Engineering Building West (EE West), I remained perplexed at what correlation possibly existed between electrical engineering and honors English. I entered the musty halls, hurried passed the classroom three times before realizing that the big windows were in accompaniment doors, and entered five minutes late. Accustomed to ar riving ten minutes prior to any professional engagement, I began the process of divesting myself of my gear, removing the appropriate folder and notebook (neatly labeled and prepared). When I realized my pathetic Lilliputian desk could, in no way, accommodate it all, I was distressed. Coat, hat, gloves, pack (lovingly referred to in its previous incarnation as the mini-Shirpa, a reference to the bulging packs of Tibetan mountain climbers), I had no room. As I was quickly going to discover, you never have enough room in English. To write something much than merely formulaic, ideas, impressions, thoughts bombard you. Quickly, your paper becomes like my pack, bulging with stuff. True to my Be Prepared motto, I find it difficult to discriminate between all the ten... ...n my search essay, I explored my own memories as a child struggling with a learning disability in Park Forest. Writing in philosophy and governmental science, I incorporated, engaged with, and struggled to realize wh at makes us human, all too human (Nietzsche 492). When I leave EE West 101 for the final time, my cargo pockets ordain bulge with my keys and glasses case my pack will weigh heavily upon my shoulders and I will remain a rough draft of the Man in the Muskrat Hat. If nothing else, ENGL 030 has reinforced the joy, the necessity, the vitality of learning. I have experienced the military, will experience college, and will still struggle to find my own voice. as yet as in many things, it is within the struggle that we find the greatest value.The Tao that can be told is not the eternal Tao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name. Lao Tzu

The Chi Omega Spirit - Overcoming Obstacles and Achieving Success :: Personal Narratives

The Chi Omega Spirit - Overcoming Obstacles and Achieving SuccessFor as long as I can remember I have present high goals for myself regarding my future, my friendships, and my education. Entering college with these standards I knew that I wouldnt settle for less than my best, and I would strive to amaze myself at my success. One thing I neer fit into my planned path of achievement was any type of struggle, or obstacle that could alter the way I have thought for so long. The kickoff month of college I fell upon an obstacle I never could have imagined. I suffered a knee injury and missed continuous classes following the apoplexy as well as surgery that was necessary to my recovery. These things tested my strength as a person, but also as a student. It made everything a little more complicated, even the little things like getting out of bed in the morning. I pushed myself to see the end of the tunnel I felt up seemed impossible to crawl out of. Many things helped me along the way, and just as I hadnt imagined my accident, I couldnt have imagined the support I found everywhere around me. I know that I can overcome obstacles in the future now because of my determination for success and the use of helpful resources each around me.Adjustment to college life seemed like it wasnt going to be all that it was made out to be for someone like me. I am a planner, and an independent person who has never had a problem figuring things out on my own. Joining my sorority offered other things to adjust to than most college freshman understand. It meant the I was representing Chi Omega in everything I do and there are certain standards to live by than just my own. I knew that if I wanted to be initiated after winter break I had to make certain grades, have the study hours, and the initiative to be at mandatory events and meetings when I was supposed to be.It was a perfect October day in Flagstaff for our first intramural flag football game. This was the first time I was repr esenting Chi Omega, and the proud feeling I had of wearing our letters and being a part of the team I will never forget. I went in about half way through with(predicate) the first half of the game.

Macbeth the Tyrant Essay

Macbeth is a man of many admirable qualities. He is brave and valiant, as addressed by the Sergeant and Dun back, following the kill of the traitor Macdonwald. However, evidently through the gruesome deaths of Duncans enemies, a fierce and merciless Macbeth is seen. Yet a strong sense of loyalty emanates as he fights for his king. On the contrary to this fierce and merciless image, Macbeth is regarded as an extremely kind man prior to the murder of Duncan. afterwards indication the letter Macbeth had sent to Lady Macbeth, she says, Yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full othe milk of human kindness (1. . 16-17). She is look that Macbeth is often too kind-hearted to do what is necessary to become king. This respectable and admirable side to Macbeth is short-lived. In his effort to obtain power, his moralities are pushed aside, resulting with the destruction of his admirable self. His weak traits and characteristics piecemeal surface as the play goes on. Macbeth, following the introduction of Lady Macbeth, is seen as weak and indecisive as he yields to Lady Macbeths taunts and evidently questions his moralities.After cowardly killing Duncan in his sleep, his morality results with him to be guilt ridden. From here, his morality only continues to decline with his desire to stay in power. To do so, Macbeth takes precautions to remain as king and orders the death of Banquo and Fleance. The idea of friendship is evidently ignored, as whereas he felt remorse and guilt from killing Duncan, little to none remorse was shown for killing his long-time friend Banquo. Subsequently, what morality he has left extinguishes when he orders the death of Macduffs innocent family without even contemplating more or less it.Whereas he was tormented by ghosts and voices for his past murders, the death penalty of an innocent child and wife does not even faze him. Morality is what keeps Macbeth in check and without it, Macbeth plummets from the levels of respect and admiration, to the depths where he is cursed at, despised, and consequently, defeated. The tragic hero of the play, Macduff, finally sacrifices his family and clear conscience for the liberation and prosperity of his country, Scotland. His passion and loyalty to Scotland, leads him to his quest to find the rightful heir to the throne and subsequently, leads to the death of his family.A family is something that everyone holds dear in their hearts and for Macduff to lose his family Macduff is essentially losing a part of him. Distraught in Macduff is quickly apparent following the news that his family was brutally slaughtered. Macduffs response to this annoyance is, He has no children. All my pretty ones? At one fell swoop? (4. 3. 216-218) and, I must(prenominal) also feel it like a man. (4. 3. 221). Macduff is saying that he will never be able to take proper justice as Macbeth has no children.This indicates that his son is clearly dear to him and essentially means a part of him disappears forever as his son dies. Furthermore, when he says he must feel it like a man, there is even more vehemence to the grievance, guilt and anger he is feeling. Of the mixed emotions he is feeling, this guilt is what ruins his once clear conscience for the rest of his life. Despite knowing the possible dangers that his family will encounter, he decides to go to England still. Thus, when his family parts to the afterlife, so does his clear conscience.Macduff is guilt ridden and lives everyday knowing he is partially to blame. Lastly, Lady Macbeth relinquishes her femininity, the ultimate sacrifice a woman can make, and relationship with Macbeth in order for him to obtain the crown. After reading the letter Macbeth sends her, she appeals to the spirits and calls for them to give her strength in order to persuade her husband to load the murder. She calls to the spirits saying, Come, you spiritsunsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty, (1. 5. 40-43 ).It is here we see the beginning of the inner struggles she is destined to face as she continues down this path and knows she must sacrifice her femininity in order to help her husband. In addition to her already declining femininity, as she is undermining Macbeth and insulting his manhood, she mentions, How tender tis to love the babe that milk me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashd the brains out (1. 7. 55-58). In this quote, she is saying that she would kill a baby if Macbeth commits treason.At first, Lady Macbeth presents the image of a loving, mother and child bonding, which expresses her feminine qualities. However, what femininity she expresses is quickly shutdown as she gives her disturbing example of her finding and thus, lack of femininity. In addition to her sacrifice of femininity, her relationship with Macbeth diminishes as well. After manipulating her husband to killing Duncan, there is a clear shift in p ower. Macbeth appears to make his wife less as he continues to be king and she slowly fades into the background.Whereas Lady Macbeth was completely involved in the murdering of Duncan, she was not even informed about the killing of Macduffs family. Furthermore, Macbeth seeks guidance from the witches rather than Lady Macbeth, reinforcing her declining importance. By the end of the play, when she is broken and guilt-ridden, Macbeth receives information about his wifes condition through a doctor rather than in person. At this point, it is not even a relationship and whether or not Lady Macbeth is Macbeths, dearest partner of greatness, is questionable.

District Nurse Essay

Who is a district nurse?A district nurse is a type of nurse that works in the community rather in the hospitals. They help by supporting and motorcaring for the patients in care homes or residential homes. P1. Identify the forms of communication.Working in care is about communication and descent .It is simply not possible to provide care without developing communication or relationship with the patients. Thats why it is important as a carer to pick out how to build a relationship with the patients. Communication is about much more than just conversation. There are three forms of communication they are1. Con text edition editions.2. Forms of communication.3. Alternative forms of communication.M1. divulge the forms of communication.Today we will be sounding at one of the forms of communication which is contexts. Some of the examples of contexts communication are1. one(a) to one.2. Groups.3. Formal and informal.4. With heap victimisation go.5. Colleagues6. Managers.One to oneO ne-to-one in communicationis the act of an individual communicating with another. It is also called face to face communication.Groups.Group communication refers to communication between 3 or more individuals.Informal.Informal communication is less defined by strict measures and is characterized by colloquial quarrel.The Antonym of informal is formal where formal communication is associated with the call of official medical/scientific language in documentation and to systematic policies and procedures. Both types of health information communication play important roles in organisation patient behaviour, ensuring patient safety and promoting the delivery of quality health.With throng using services.It is good to have a fluent communication with the plurality using services and show them kindness so more tribe can come and use your service in a suitable way.Mangers.Every company has a manger and the work of the managers is to manage the company and make sure everything is running as expected. Managers mostly interact with their employers and see how far or how well they car doing the job.Colleagues.Colleagues are the people you work with let it be in a business area or other work places. Having a colleague is a good thing because you might feel more confident in talking to him.her.FORMS OF COMMUNICATION.This topic looks at forms of communication. There are some(prenominal) forms of communication that people nigh the world use to communicate with others. They are1. Verbal communication.2. Non-verbal communication3. Written communication.Verbal and non-verbal communication.Verbal communication refers to the way someone communicates by using words to present thoughts, ideas and feelings. Basically verbal communication is the ability to explain and show your ideas clearly through the spoken words. Unlike verbal communication, non-verbal communication refers to the messages people send out to express their thoughts and ideas without talking. There are many way s how non-verbal communications e.g.1. Body language.2. Facial expression.3. Touch or contact.4. distinctions symbols and pictures.Body language.Body language is a type of non-verbal communication where by is the way to communicate by using your body instead of talking. For example the way someone sits or stands which is called bearing can send messages. Head movement and hand movement might also indicate that you are sending or laissez passer out a message.Facial expression.Facial expression refers to the way someone communicates by using his or her face. We can often tell how someone is feeling by looking at their face. For example if someone is happy there is a smile on her/his face. if someone is excited his/her eyes become wider.Touch or contact. communication through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in early childhood and early childhood. The deprivation of touch and contact impedes de velopment. Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy and other emotions.Signs, symbols and pictures.There are common signs and gestures that bulk of people recognize without being taught. There are different types of signs that people and have a meaning. For example when waving to someone that means you are passing a message using signs. Symbols and pictures of all kind of different objects also communicate messages.Written communication.Written communication has great significance in at presents world. It is an innovative activity of the mind.. Speech came before writing. further writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves careful choice of words, their geological formation in correct order in sentences formation as well as cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reliable than speech. But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not immediate.Alternative forms of communication.There are many types of alternative forms of communication they are1. Sign language.2. Makaton.3. transliterate.4. Technological aids.5. Human aids.Sign language.As we said earlier sign language is the use of your body parts like facial expression, position, movement of the hand and arms. Sign language is mostly used by the disable people who have bad hearing problem.MakatonLanguage programme which uses signs and symbols to teach communication, language and literacy skills to people with communication and learning difficulties. It is designed to provide a means of communication to individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking. Makaton has been effectively used with individuals who have cognitive impairmentsBraille.Braille is a system of writing for the blind consisting of raised dots that can be interpreted by touch, each dot or group of dots representing a letter, numeral, or punctuation mark Braille was devised in 1821 by Louise Braille, a Frenchman ..Technological aids.Basically a technological aid refers to the electronic aids people around the world use for communication. For examples mobile phones are used to pass messages from one person to another either by making calls or sending text messages. Computer is another technological aid that we use to do research and also for communication.Human aids.Human aids are special skilled people who help people communicate with eachother. Examples are1. Interpreters.2. Translators.3. Signers.Interpreters and voices .Interpreters are people who translate orally, while a translator interprets written text. Both interpreting and reading presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue. The key skill of a very good translator is the ability to write well, to express him/her clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in yet one direction, translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages.And many excellent translators are far from being bilingual they may not be, and need not be, fluent speakers of the source language (the language of the original text being translated). The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, and, using a good subroutine library of dictionaries and reference materials, renders that material into the target language. An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot. .

Comparing British Welfare Systems with 2 Other Countries

A 2000 word comparative review of the ways divergent countries approach welfargon, as dealed on the unit. The aim of this essay is to discuss and comp atomic number 18 the British Welfare system with Germany and Swedens well-being systems. A welfare system is the structure of welfare provisions and services that provide a specific social need, only when it is not only provided or organised solely by the government (Blakemore, 2001). It is a view that is rooted in person exchanges between five organisations (State/Government, Market/Private Sector, Family/Kin networks, Local Communities and Civil Society).It reflects the history and cultures of different countries around the world (Haralambos, 2012). It is these providers that assume principal responsibilities of how welfare systems are organised and how they are worked for the welfare of its nation in matters of wellness care, education, employment, and social security system (Haralambos & Holborn, 2012b). The essay will focus on Adult Disability returnss and define which of the main provider delivers stultification benefits for the short- status and long experimental condition unemployed.The essay will also describe how they work and what patterns of provision is provided for the disabled. Then comparisons will be made on how the British welfare approaches on balk payments are provided and how they work, and I will examine the differences and similarities to each countries welfare system. The structure of the essay is base on a comparative method systematically designed for equivalences, similarities and shared common features. According to (Landman, 2004) the selection process involves two main types of research designs.Comparing different results across similar countries is known as most similar systems and comparing similar outcomes across different countries known as most different systems. every way using similarities and differences of different countries is meant to uncover what is common to each country (Landman, 2004, p28). The methodology approach is to select a small N (a few countries) and purpose the trine method of involving three countries (Lewis, 2012). The method identified common features of the British welfare state with that of Germany and Sweden.Classification is a way of grouping common features which are interchangeable with other countries (Lewis, 2012). All 3 countries have a welfare system for those who have full or permanent disabilities. In order for things to be like they have to share certain features like welfare systems and have common features, called equivalences. Most countries have common features such as institutions, policies and services without these common features a comparison cannot be made. The essay will draw on an implicit approach rather than explicit because it is the British welfare system that comparisons are beingness made.All countries provide certain benefits for those who have full and permanent disabilities but they differ in the types of benefits they provide. Studies reviewed showed that virtually countries have changed part or the entire financial meat of short-term benefits from governments onto employers and private organisations. Disability benefits are provided by the state or local governments by all three countries however, in the UK only short term benefits are provided but in Germany and Sweden both short term and time limited benefits are provided for the disabled (Mitra, 2009). In the United Kingdom, the disability employment stray has been at 40% (Huang et al, 2009, p. 46). The Liberal state of the United Kingdom faced major crisis of social and economic modernisation at the end of the Second globe War. It was David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill who led the drive for what became the National redress Act of 1911, which brought in disability insurance. In fact, the reconstruction of welfare in the UK involved a set of birth between the state, the market and the family (C larke & Logan, 1993).The Disability and Carers Service, which is part of the Department of Work & Pension (DWP) has the responsibility of providing benefits for populate on benefits such as DLA. DLA is a tax- kick benefit to booster with extra costs you may have because yourre disabled, this is given to all claimants whether they are working or not (Directgov). Some people who impart a claim for DLA may be asked to have a medical examination. Working tax credits was introduced in 2003 along with disability element to help people stay in work or to return to work (Mitra, 2009).Then the 2005 Disability Discrimination Act came into force (Haralambos & Holborn, 2009). (Burchardt, 2000) cited that check to the European Commission (1998), people with disabilities have low levels of participation in society and the employment rate for people with disabilities is 20-30% lower than people without disabilities (Huang, 2009). From 2013 Disability Living Allowance for disabled people aged 1 6 to 64 will be re laid by a new Personal Independence Payment programme (Directgov).This is a non-means tested, tax free benefit. The DWP is to run a pilot scheme to help assist and reintroduce claimants back into the job market (Mitra, 2009), this will lead to employers paying short term benefits rather than the state. In Sweden it is the Local government responsibility for welfare services. It was from the 13th century that the first local command was seen as the responsibility of the local parish to pack care of the poor (Bergmark & Minas, 2006, p. 15).The Swedish wellness system for people with disabilities are that national policy is plainly maintained by legislation and political understanding (Lilja et al, 2003). Swedish disability systems are organised in 3 hierarchical levels the state, the county councils and the local authorities. However, this responsibility has expired over time and the national government opinionated to place a great deal of the responsibility for earthly concern services on the local authorities (Lilja et al, 2003). In Sweden policies relating to people with disabilities is provided through integration, full donation and liveity.Ministry of Health and social affairs (2000) reported the Swedish parliament had adopted a national policy for individuals with disabilities they should have the same rights and obligations as everyone and be offered equal resources no matter where they lived (Lilja et al, 2003). While central government is to blame of legislation, general designing and distribution similarly as social insurance, authorities (municipalities) are answerable for social services, and regional government (county councils) for health care.Municipal social services additionally the health and medical services of county councils are ruled by framework legislation that specifies the framework and objectives of activities however that also affords municipalities and county councils ample chance to interpret the law and fo rm their activities in line with their own pointers People with disabilities will apply for municipal grants to change their homes.Actions like housing with surplus services for adults, or daily activities for those that are inactive and not enrolled in education are regulated by the Act regarding Support and repair for Persons with sure purposeful Impairments. County councils and municipalities are answerable for that health care help and is provided within the type of rehabilitation and habilitation. however thither has been ongoing discussion regarding shifting a number of the price from state as a full to the individual user within the type of increase the little fees some county councils and native authorities need and presumably reducing subsidies.While central government is in charge of legislation, general planning and distribution as well as social insurance, local authorities (municipalities) are responsible for social services, and regional government (county councils) f or health care. Municipal social services and the health and medical services of county councils are governed by framework legislation which specifies the framework and objectives of activities but which also affords municipalities and county councils ample opportunity to interpret the law and shape their activities according to their own guidelines (Olney & Lyle, 2011).More than 70 organisations represent specific disability groups with 2,000 local associations. These organisations receive financial backing from the state, county councils and local authorities (Bahle, 2003). High spending on disability and unemployment helps to prevent poverty and social exclusion in these groups. The local authorities and county councils together have the basic responsibility for ensuring that people with disabilities are guaranteed good health and economic and social stability, and also for enabling the individual to lead an breakaway life.People with disabilities can apply for municipal grants to modify their homes. Actions such as housing with special services for adults, or daily activities for those who are inactive and not enrolled in education are regulated by the Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with veritable Functional Impairments. County councils and municipalities are responsible for that health care assistance and is provided in the form of rehabilitation and habilitation.But there has been ongoing discussion about shifting some of the cost from state as a whole to the individual user in the form of increasing the small fees some county councils and local authorities conduct and possibly reducing subsidies. Country by Country The form of the welfare state that emerged was The social state of Germany began in the late 19th century when Bismarck was bear on the political left would oppose his place in power, he decided to introduce welfare provision into Germany to gain support from the left (Esping-Anderson, 1998).Bismarcks basic brain was that people who were in work would pay into a scheme and this money would be distributed back to the poor (Ginsburg, 1993), he introduced the worlds first State complaisant Insurance Scheme in 1883 (Bryson, 1992). The welfare system was about the basic needfully of the state, with individuals helping themselves, the state would only intervene if it was absolutely necessary (Ginsburg, 1993). It was upon this base that Germany placed the future day of welfare provision. Between 1950 and 1970 Germanys welfare system started to take shape.Interested in individual well being, the Christian, Catholic and Trade Unionists sections of the Government were introducing policies to increase job security (George, 1996). The neo- liberal ideas of healthy market economy, individualism and democratic culture paired with the egalitarian approach to policy saw very distinctive priorities forming, of liberalism, conservative. Another manikin of how a corporatist system works in practice can be seen in the way a new insurance scheme for long term care was introduced in Germany in the mid-1990s.Time limited benefits was introduced in disability systems by the government via social insurance or social assistance programs (Mitra, 2009). The German welfare system is comprehensive and generous Social insurance lies at the heart of German social welfare. The disabled are also served by a commodious range of medical and vocational programs designed to provide them with humane living conditions. Statutory social insurance programs are responsible for meeting the various needs of their members who become disabled.In addition, government agencies at the federal, Land, and local levels seek to provide employment and help with special housing and transportation provisions. Employment of the disabled is furthered by federal legislation that requires firms employing more than fifteen persons to reserve 6 percent of positions for the disabled or to make annual compensatory payments My hypothe sis is, Germany and Sweden disability programmes have a strong history with non-profit organisations that help support provisions for the disabled stronger than Britains profit based organizations.But on the other hand a result of social policies that are too strongly oriented towards the past on the one hand and sustainable conservative family patterns on the other, very little importance is attached to disability social policy contexts. CONCLUSION There is no longer a distinction between Germanys contribution-based and Britains tax-based funding of welfare state programs, but in practice these two models have come together, as most social-insurance schemes are funded by a mixture of employer/employee contributions and grants from general state incomes.Contribution-based schemes, which are funded and administered independent of the government budget and in which members have vested benefits, have in history tended to be more generous and less prone to vitiatedbacks than tax-funded schemes, which the state can cut back when tax revenues are limited or an anti welfare state political party comes to power. It is, however, important to stress that there are sizeable differences between the lives of disabled people and the type of welfare benefits across the European welfare system.The two decisive but interconnected differences consist of the amount to which the public sector takes the individual or the family as its point of departure and the degree to which disabilities is seen as a stage of life in its own right or how each individual is assessed. Welfare pluralism suggests that all welfare provisions will be provided by all the five providers in all countries in the future and less state/public responsibility. ?REFERENCES Bahle, T. (2003) The changing institutionalization of social services in England and Wales, France and Germany is the welfare state on the retreat? , Journal of European Social Policy, 13(5), pp. 5-20 Bergmark, A. and Minas, R. Rescaling S ocial Welfare Policies in Sweden Institute for Future Studies Online. Available at http//www. euro. centre. org/rescalingDocuments/files/Sweden. pdf (Accessed 15 March 2012) Bode, I. 2006) Disorganised welfare mixes voluntary agencies and new governance regimes in westbound Europe, Journal of European Social Policy, 16(4), pp. 346-359 Clarke, J. , & Cochrane, A. (1993) Comparing Welfare States Britain in International Context, London, Sage Etherington, D. & Ingold, J. (2012) Welfare to work and the inclusive labour market a comparative study of activation policies for disability and long-tern sickness benefit claimants in the UK and Denmark, Journal of European Social Policy, 22(1) pp. 0-44 Haralambos & Holborn (2009) (7th edn) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, London, HarperCollinsPublishers Limited Huang, J. , Guo, B. , & Bricout, J. (2009) From Concentration to Dispersion The Shift in Policy Approach to Disability Employment, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20(1) pp. 46-5 4 Landman, T. (2004) Isssues and Methods in Comparative Politics an introduction. 3rd edn. Dawsonera Online Available at http//www. dawsonera. com/depp/reader/ protect/external/AbstractView/S9780203929780/S0. 78/0Lilja, M, Mansson, I, Jahlenius, L. , & Sacco-Peterson, M. (2003) Disability Policy in Sweden Policies Concerning Assistive Technology and Home Modification Services, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 14(3)pp. 130-135 Mitra, S. (2009) Temporary and incomplete Disability Programs in Nine Countries, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 20 (1) pp. 14-27 Olney, M. F. & Lyle, C. (2011) The Benefits Trap Barriers to Employment Experienced by SSA Beneficiaries, Rehabilitation Counceling Bulletin, 54(4), pp. 197-209

LPN vs. RN career Essay

Many students go to college to obtain some kind of degree, wether it be business, treat, electronics, or legion(predicate) more. The medical eld is a very signicant eld, and where a lot of job opportunities available. In the medical eld a person can overhear many varieties of designation, and earn a lot of income for their families. I personally want to become a RN which stands for a registered nurse, and special(a)ize in anesthetics. Another designation is a licensed practical nurse which is a licensed practical nurse. LPNs and RNs have a lot of similarities and differences in their positions of work, and study. These similarities and differences would consist of education, responsibilities, and the income for both occupations.The main difference between the LPN vs. RN career path way is the degree that isearned. RNs receive a professional nursing degree, while LPNs receive a practical nursing degree. A professional nursing degree contains a lot more courses, so it paying backs a lot longer time to complete than a practical nursing degree. These course would consist of a lot more math, science to obtain a professional nursing degree. However, with either choice the NCLEX exam is required, and must be answered correctly in order to become either a LPN or a RN. Educationally, LPNs should attend one year of vocational training to obtain their title. Registered nurses must go to nursing school for about two years to convey their Associates Degree or four years to get their BSN.Another difference is the responsibilities each title has. RNs educates, treats, anddepending on licensed diagnoses endurings. Usually, a RN evaluates a patientto understand patients symptoms. They form a treatment jut out or alter one. A RN also manages a LPN and authorizes task involving patient care. RNs offer comfort and advice about handling a familymembers sickness. A LPN also assist patients who are wounded, ill or taken care of by a RN. The LPN nishes crucial nursing duties. They document patients height, weight, transmission line pressure, temperature, and pulse. They assist patients with personal hygiene, daily activities, and elevation in bed. The LPN may give patients food, if they need help. Also, a LPN performs medical duties such as providing the patient with shots, changing dressings, and supervise medical equipment.The last difference between RNs and LPNs is how much income they make. Even thoughsalaries can change greatly for these occupations based on geography, types, special areas and other factors, altogether, registered nurses are reimbursed greater because they are accredited to take on extra patient care responsibilities. The national average income is between $31,800 and $44,300 year for LPNs. Registered Nurses take home average incomes ranging between $46,500 and $66,800 per year.In conclusion, there are many difference between LPNs and RNs. If wanting to get paidmore I kindle people go for their RN. LPNs are right under a RN and ge t paid a little bit less than a RN. on the job(p) in the medical eld is a wonderful job and I suggest it to anyone. RN takes a lot more schooling and a stronger education.

Internet and Cell Phone

What did you find most interesting and/or surprising? What information re entirelyy stood off for you when researching this topic & why? Whats the most important thing we, your audience, should take away from your research? -Originally the cell phone served as a tool for employment management. Now, cell phones serve as a tool for social connection, in other words, managing social relationships. Across qualitative and quantitative studies, users of the cell phone all report using their phone for social purposes.However, scholars have argued the cell phone might truly serve as a tool for social closing off (Bugeja, 2005). On the other hand, the cell phone has been argued to function as a social connection device, especially among teens (Ling, 1999a). Therefore, the social use of cell phones has proven to be a rich area for communication research, with researchers exploring various ways in which cell phone use affects social interaction, both isolating and connecting involved perso ns. -Although observational research shows that most cell hone users retreat from social settings when they are using the cell phone in a public place (Ling, 1999b), findings as well suggest that cell phone users use the cell phone in public spaces as a form of exclusion (Bugeja, 2005 Ling, 2002). The survey found that 13% of surveyed adults said they had use their phones to look busy, so they wouldnt have to talk with others. That percentage more than doubled among young adults aged 18 to 29 years, 30% of whom said theyd faked cell phone use as an avoidance mechanism.Only 2% of the oldest (65 and older) respondents reported using cell phones to avoid dealing with others. unplugging may actually improve your social interactions. As Healthland reported last year, many people would argue that turning your phone off is a gesture of intimacy and adhesion for the people around you -The implications of this study are not only empirical, but serve to demonstrate the dangers that mobile communication technologies may pose if not used properly. Discretion of cell phone use is even evident in current state laws that prohibit drivers from talking on the phone while driving.This alone testifies to the potential risk of danger that interactive mobile technologies pose for its users. A possible solution is to make users more aware of the effect of these mobile technologies on their attention, not only to strangers but even their surroundings. As proper etiquette exists for internet behavior, perhaps we ought to develop a social code of behavior for proper cell phone usage. http//healthland. time. com/2011/08/15/survey-1-in-8-fake-using-their-cell-phone-to-avoid-talking-to-others/

Qualities that a ‘good’ teacher should have Essay

Task 1 magnetic dip 5 qualities that a slap-up instructor should have and give reasons for your choices. Which of these qualities do you consider to be more of import, and why? 1. a good instructor should genuinely love teaching because in my opinion you cannot be a good instructor if you do not like what you do. 2. a good teacher should be lively and entertaining because children do not like boring teachers, they fill somebody who changes learning into pleasure. as my experience schooled children love games and it is one of the best way of encouraging them to engross disclose in the lesson. 3. a good teacher is able to motivate learners as motivation is one of the most important aspects while learning. children who are well motivated are eager to learn hence they learn more.4. a good teacher should have good rapport and interaction with the class because it is life-or-death to have a nice atmosphere in the classroom. I believe that children cannot be scared of the teach er, they must like him/her and then they are open and more involved in the lessons. 5. a good teacher should be able to correct student without offending them or affecting their motivation as if he/she does it then the children do not involve to take part in the lessons because they are scared of making mistakes. i always tell my students that they shouldnt be scared of making mistakes as nobody is pure(a) and Im there to correct them. and explain that they are learners so they cant know all of the answers correctly.As far as I am concerned, I really believe that all of the qualities I chose are equal. you really have to have all of them to be a good teacher. it is really difficult for me to decide which one is more important and which one is less important.Task 2 State what you consider to be the five most important roles of a teacher. Describe each role and say why you think it is important.1. organizer teacher organizes to do various activities. it is important as children n eed instruction, need to be organized into groups or pairs. teacher must initiate and finish activities and give feedback. 2. participant teacher participates in the lesson as an equal. it is good mode as children can see that the teacher wants to be a part of the class so it is a good way of gaining trust. 3. observer teacher monitors what is going on in the classroom. it is important as teacher must know the improvement of the students and what needs to be revise.4. model teacher (native speaker) is the source of real, live English. it is important because sometimes it is the only way for the students to encounter foreign voice communication with foreign accent. native speaker is in any case a good source of cultural information. 5. assessor teacher gives feedback, correction, evaluates and grades. children want to know whether they make mistakes or not, as they want to improve their skills and try not to make the same mistake again.Task 3 List 5 qualities you would expect to find in a good learner. Which of these qualities do you consider to be more important, and why?1. a desire to learn it is crucial to want to learn a language as if the students find learning language useless they simply dont want to take part in any activities and they dont want to study. 2. a willingness to ask questions students must ask questions as it is the way of finding more information and also practise their oratory skills. 3. a willingness to listen to the language listening to the language can improve not only listening barely also speaking skills. it also helps to gain foreign accent.4. an ability to think about their own learning process and methods every students is different and prefers different methods of learning. it is important for students to realize which method is the most helpful and useful for them while learning language. 5. an acceptance of error correction students must realize that when teacher corrects them he/she does it not to embarrass them but to improve their learning. students should try not to make the same mistakes over and over again. Task 4 What are some of the major differences you would expect to find amid adult and young learners?Young learners are sometimes less motivated than adults. what is more, young learners are more receptive to the new sounds and grammar. it is widely known that young learners can acquire foreign language faster than adults.adults has longer history of learning experience than young learners, and they believe they can succeed with the language.Task 5 List the levels of language ability that learners are often grouped into and give a brief summation of each levelbeginner from zero acquaintance of English to a very basic one which cannot be quickly or easily activated. elementary students are able to form basic objurgate structures and pass off on simple topics. low/pre-intermediate able to communicate and understand a great variety of topics but lacking general fluency and de pth of language awareness. still likely to make many errors even with basic structures. intermediate able to understand and communicate on a wide arena of issues using limited vocabulary store but still lacking in accuracy and fluency. upper intermediate should be able to actively communicate on almost all topics using a great range of language but still lacking in accuracy. advanced students should have a very good knowledge of the English language and now will be studying more suitable language items.Task 6 strain as many reasons as possible why students are motivated to study English. The reasons that you give do not have to be in the unit of measurement reading material.students are motivated to study English because they realize that English is an international language and you can communicate with almost everyobody all over the ground using this language. they know English can improve their future career prospects. they realize it can make their travel abroad much easi er. they also want to study English to improve their grades and achieve success in exams. they study because they want to communicate with prints, parents, colleagues. very often they just want to learn language because they are interested in English and English culture.

Gender role Essay

arouseual practice role/expectation that exists in con termin adapted Nipp integrityse society Discuss one sexual urge role or expectation that exists in contemporary Japanese society, please talk about 1. how/why this role emerged and 2. provide examples of how men and/or women argon changing and resisting/subverting this sexual activity role/expectation. In Japan, traditional gender roles atomic number 18 characterised by a strong sense of patriarchy in society, this is a patchnish dominated country with a distinct separation of gender roles. In the family, this refers to the idea that the man is a b enjoinwinner and the woman is a thememaker.At the workplace, there is a strong male dominance in the company hierarchy. Generall(a)y, men exact to a greater extent c atomic number 18er opportunities, often life-time job and good salary, and women are considered to be temporary employers, expected to stop working after the marri epoch or childbirth. Working women generally ta ke on non leadership roles, so this reduces the possibility to climb on career steps. Childcare is regarded as the mothers responsibility and the fathers domestic role is limited in helping to repair something and performing with children on weekends. Wives spend lot of time inside the house, and husbands outside.Today this situation is a little bit changing, but still, remains the idea that man stands few steps higher than women, especially at work places and at g overnment institutions. Gender roles and attitudes towards these roles among young generations couples are changing in a good way men spend more time with their children, and women have more opportunities in their career, especially in international context. Young people, travelling oversea and then coming back to Japan begin to be more supple and more elastic in this strict Asian country.They bring unsanded waves, new feelings and new experiences, so it is natural, that little change towards the equality between man and woman is coming also. Then the old generation is less flexible than young Japanese people attitudes are changing, but their behaviour is not. Nowadays, we grass grab optimistic alterations, for example, some sociologists claim that with the rising problems faced by the Japanese economy, there have been changes in the structured patterns of gender in both the family and the workplace. Economic recessions in this country have forced many women to enter the moil force in order to increase the level of income.With an increasing number of women in the labour force, the existing gender ratios have been altered favouring increased gender equality. Changes in the family toilette be inspectn in the presence of omiai, the traditional arranged marriage. Women are also marrying later, with the average age of first marriage at 28-29 old age in 2005, compared to 25 years in 1983. For increasing equality between gender roles, the government began to pass legislation such as a Gender Equ ality Law, which aimed to set broad new principles for Japanese society.In addition, government legislation such as the Equal Employment Opportunity and Labour hackneyed Laws were set up to outlaw workplace discrimination and set up a definition for sexual harassment. These laws set the stage for a more trustworthy treatment of women and served as a positive step towards increased gender equality. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Japanese_law) Coming back to the discourse about marriage, in modern Japan, under the classless constitution, marriage is supposed to be based on equal relations between man and woman. Polygamy is prohibited, and Japanese family is formed under the father as a head of household.The contemporary Japanese family, however, is changing rapidly because of lower birth rates, longer life expectancies, an increase in the number of one-person households, and later age at marriage. Globalisation and cheaper travelling has also positive transformations in gender role s and equality. As an example, I would like to tell about one young Japanese couple, I was living in their neighbourhood for 4 months. I have noticed that the wife is not subordinated under her husband, as I have read before in some articles about traditional relations between married couple.During my university classes I have read that traditionally husband and wife are expected to communicate as little as possible here in Japan. This situation is described as a domestic divorce. There is no conversation, communication and sexual relations between a husband and wife, but they do not divorce. Well, now I can say that not all the couples are like that. Wifes and husbands roles are changing in positive. This young couple, on my opinion, is really an ideal couple. They were dividing their house care roles without any dominating behaviour. I havent noticed more power on her or his behaviour.They were acting as a normal, equal couple. Of course, one gender role mothers role, is noticea ble, and, I think, is still resisting in Japan. Being a good mother sometimes could be even more important than being a good wife or lover. The concept of motherhood in Japan has deep cultural and historical roots, and todays women still believe in the power of caring their children as well as they can. Another role, man as the main breadwinner of the family, is also resisting. The perception of the man as a main householder is common also in the rest of world, especially in South European countries.On conclusion, we can see that young Japanese families are changing apparently. Men are more and more present in domestic activities and women are more and more able to combine work and house-keeping together. I am sure that now, in the 21st century, the Japanese family is becoming on gender-equality based family 2 FOLLOWING QUESTIONS Depiction of gender in the Japanese media (advertising/ TV commercials) Researchers and sociologists recently are talking a lot about that the stereotypic portrayals of men and women found in mass media reenforce gender stereotypes in Japanese society.A limited literature and research on Japanese media suggests that gender stereotypes may be present in Japan. Theoretically, we can argue about the existence or not, but practically, its true. Stereotypes exist, and fairly strong, especially during the after war period and the past three decades. We can see it on TV, magazines and newspapers. Media is a reflection of mass culture. So its normal to see these stereotypes depicted in media. Over the past decade gender stereotyping in television commercials has received particular attention.Some studies have reported either modest (Schneider & Schneider, 1979) or substantial decrements (Bretl and Cantor, 1988 Ferrente et al. , 1988) in stereotyping while others have found no significant changes in the portrayals of men and women over time (Lovdal, 1989 Maklin & Kolbe 1984). Of course, there is always big difference between woman and man, th eir role in society, work and family has unalike meanings and different approaches. For example, boys are encouraged to be aggressive, become leaders, engage in sports, and grow into macho men.Research by Sobieraj, 1998 (Children Now, Images of Men and Boys in Advertising, Spring, 2000), found in advertising for toys that these showed boys as strong, independent, athletic, in control of their environments, adventurous, and aggressive. Girls are shown as giggling, gentle, affectionate, fixated on their physical appearance, and extremely well behaved. a (http//www. directessays. com/viewpaper/79101. html) I have watched some advertisements in TV, and noticed that women in these commercials are more likely to be young, beautiful, dependents, in the home and users of the products.They also are recommending some products without specific explanation how to use it or without the support of factual arguments (Men are better in to weigh in with an argument, I think). Men, on the other hand , are older, often salarymen, somewhere outside of the home and authorities on the products. They are also often explaining why the products are good and recommending items soundly. Even though some stereotypes about the presentation of gender in commercials persist (for setting, product type, voice-over), the recent study found an equal number of males and females appearing as primary characters in commercials during prime time.(Changing Gender Roles in Prime-Time Commercials in Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, and the United Statesa, Mary Jiang Bresnahan, Yasuhiro Inoue, Wen Ying Liu and Tsukasa Nishida). Talking about gender stereotypes in Japanese media, maybe somebody would talk about women vex and how this position is objectified. Of course, Japanese women in past few decades felt discriminated politically and economically. This unsafeness made them feel weaker, and maybe unappreciated. But we can also see it from the opposite side. We can think about how men are objectified.Especial ly, how the male ideal in Japanese media is becoming closer and closer to a woman (as I have mentioned about it in past sociology papers). Recent studies talk about some changes of stereotypic portrayals of men and women and also are investigating changes in gender stereotyping over time. As example, in one online magazine we can find that although some indigenous gender stereotyping was evident, several traits previously associated with Japanese women (devoted, obliging, rattle-brained, superstitious) were associated with men.Also, men were not connect with certain stereotypical male traits (autocratic, blustery, forgiving, generous, and severe). (http//www. jstor. org/pss/4189063). Other findings included women being shown in a positive way as often as men. This means that women are represented almost in the same way as men, for example, if advertisement is promoting a high-price product, there is an equal number of man and women shown in commercials. Otherwise, it is evident tha t gender, sex and advertising are workinga for only one purpose- to make people desire specific product and to buy it.

Detox Diet

No evidence supports that disparageful chemicals accumulate in the body (in fact, the liver and kidneys ar pretty good at weeting discharge of bodily toxins). And heretofore if toxins did accumulate in the body, theres no reason to believe that these detox provenders would get rid of them. Toxicologists A. Jay Gandolfi, an associate dean for research in the college of pharmacy at the University of Arizona, and Linda Birnbaum, director of the proveal toxicology division of the environmental Protection Agency made the following points in a LA Times article 1. igh volumes of placid consumption could theoretically help remove water-soluble chemicals like arsenic, just now not fat-soluble chemicals (which make up nearly pollutants) 2. fiber consumption may help eliminate toxic chemicals that accumulate in the liver, but not chemicals that argon located in other parts of the gastrointestinal system 3. raw vegetables hand over no special detoxifying properties other than that th eir high fiber content stern further help pop up stools 4. most chemicals of concern atomic number 18 fat-soluble and so are stored in fat. The best way to get rid of these potential toxins is not through a detox diet, but through weight loss.Sl removeer plurality get rid of toxins more quickly than overweight and obese individuals. The decreased bloating is likely from eating little food the clearer skin from increased hydration and the decreased headaches exercise and relaxation components of the program, and psychological factors. placebo effect Some sight report feeling more focused and energetic during and after detox diets. placebo Theres plain no scientific evidence to suggest that our bodies exigency help to get rid of waste products if we are healthy and theres little proof to support the claims that detox diets work.Muscular System Muscle MetabolismQuite rightly, most maintenanceists, dietitians and doctors believe that our bodies are completely capable of excret ing waste without the aid of detoxing thats what our liver, lungs, kidneys and skin are designed to do, after all. Most experts also say that strict detox diets followed in the long term, can lead to nutrient deficiencies and health problems associated with this. It may alleviate your guilt but it is actually doing more harm than good. McGrice. Health Kick nutrition and dieteticsHowever, studies have shown that fasting and extremely low calorie intake super acid elements of detox diets cause a slowdown of metabolism and an increase in weight after the dieter returns to formula eating. Fasting to detoxify and lose weight is not necessary, says Frank Sacks, MD, a leading epidemiologist at the Harvard aim of Public Health. There is no basis in human biology that indicates we need fasting or any other detox formula to detoxify the body because we have our own internal variety meat and immune system that take care of excreting toxins, Sacks says. Your body is designed to remove t oxins efficiently with organs such as the kidneys, liver, and colon. You dont need detox diets, pills, or potions to help your body do its job, Sacks says. Experts agree there is no credible science to substantiate claims that detox diets work or the need for detoxification, lymphatic draining, and frequent bowel cleansing. There are no studies available to document the benefits instead, most claims are based on testimonials. Include skin British Dietetic Association, Detox diets are marketing fabrications sooner than nutritional real(a)ity. Dr John Emsley said There is no scientific reason for people to waste cadence and money on so-called detox regimes, fancy diets, or expensive remedies, none of which can equalize to the detox system that is already inbuilt into our natural system. The concept of detox is a marketing myth rather than a physiological entity, Dr. Catherine Collins, Chief Dietician at St Georges Hospital Medical School, London, http//www. acefitness. org/ commu nicate/2239/do-detox-diets-work http//maddashpublishing. wordpress. com/2012/03/28/detox-diets-do-toxins-hate-purified-vegetables/ http//www. etterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Placebo_effect http//socialanxietydisorder. about. com/od/glossary/g/doubleblind. htm non scienticfic evidence- http//health. ninemsn. com. au/whatsgoodforyou/factsheets/826277/does-detox-work http//www. bbc. co. uk/sn/humanbody/truthaboutfood/young/detox. shtml http//www. choice. com. au/reviews-and-tests/food-and-health/diet-and-exercise/nutrition/do-diet-detox-products-work. aspx the placebo effect A placebo is any medical intervention that is inactive.A patient can be given this produce treatment such as a pill, surgery or form of exercise, and fuck off to feel better. They begin to feel cured although the medication really did nothing for them. The placebo effect is triggered by the persons belief in the treatment and their expectation of feeling better. Around one third of people who take placebos will experience an end to their symptoms. In the case of a detox diet, the individual may feel better because they believe they are doing something beneficial for their body. They feel like they have more energy and focus, but it is only a belief.Little do they know, they are causing nutrient deficiencies to the body. Double blind experiment A double blind experiment is where neither the researcher nor the participant know which treatment each participant is receiving. For example half of a group to be tested is given a placebo, and the other half are given the real medication. The purpose of this experiment is to eliminate bias from both parties. A double blind detox diet has never been carried out, but it would be very valuable in proving whether these diets truly work. Anecdotal evidence

Baby Boom

Baby boom is generally referred to the 18 years period from 1946 to 1964 that saw the birth of around 76 million babies in the regular army. Today the small fry boomers forms intimately one third of the total American population and they shake off been instrumental in changing the States in cultural, societal and governmental ways (Russell, 1987, 27). Baby boomers have been different from their preceding and succeeding timess in their philosophical and political learning ability and hence critically print the US policy as they fester and take important posts in academic, political and business realms.Baby boomers Social and Political Outlook As the screw up boom generation approaches middle and older ages, its voice and opinion would carry tremendous weight in affecting US policy and politics trends (Boulard, 2000). As the kid boom generation is generally affluent, politically and socially conscious and a distinct philosophical outlook, they carry a very powerful pick ou t force with them, compelling state legislators to listen to them.Baby boomers carry the crucial political weight more because the generation X, the generation that is in its 20s and 30s today, lacks enough political enthusiasm and motivation to seriously consider their voting rights. On the other hands, the maturing and graying baby boomers have started to show better understanding of social causes, taxes, and education and hence convey active participants in construction of political voting patterns. Older and Younger Baby Boomers Baby boomers, creation born over a period of 19 years, do not draw one hit generation.Instead, they are two distinct blocs within the baby boomers themselves, that have traditionally differed in their attitude and outlook major issues affecting politics and society. Baby boomers born between 1946 and 1955 are called as older baby boomers, while those born after 1955 to 1964 are referred as junior baby boomers. Older baby boomers have inclined to be less materialistic, more philosophical, drawn to social causes and have advantage over younger generation in taking up best jobs and greater economic prosperity.On the other hand the younger baby boomers have been typically hard boiled, concerned with money, less interested in social and political cause and preferred leisure over work (Russell, 1987). However, despite their ideological differences, together baby boomers constitute a massive force with huge economic leverage and power in shaping USAs destiny. According to MetLife Mature Market Institutes Demographic profile of American baby boomers, the baby boomers have combined annual spending power of more than $ 2 trillion, making them economically and financially most well off segment in USA.Future Implications By 2030, the baby boomers will be in the age group from 66 to 84, making up 20 % of the total American population. With their huge economic power and concern about their old age security, they will cast determining affe ct on governance policies. It is natural to expect that the aging baby boomers will support a government that is more attuned to their aging needs, security, health- care services, insurance services, tax rebates structure, pension policies, and issues concerning welfare of their families and children.Baby boomers, have a in full spectrum of political views. As a group they have shared values of their parents, they are generally patriotic, and learn in their social views. They voted two to one for Ronal Reagan in 1984 presidential elections ( glisten, 1988). In general baby boomers would be against the baby buster generation that succeeded them and each one of them would claim to generational identities and form distinct political block (Torres Gil, 1992, 137).It is likely that baby boomers will display generational identification and cohesion and hence the challenger they are likely to enter with the younger generation would be along electoral strength and taxation. With their 76 million votes, it is unlikely that there is any conceivable political force can afford to absolve their demands, if they decide to vote on common issues affecting them (Torres Gil, 1992, 137). Reference Boulard, G. (2000). Challenges of a newborn Century. State Legislatures.Volume 26. materialization 1. Publication Date January 2000. Page Number 12. Demographic Profile. Mature Market Institute. Accessed on web 11. 14. 2006. http//www. metlife. com/WPSAssets/34442486101113318029V1FBoomer%20Profile%202005. pdf Light Paul. Baby Boomers. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1988. Russell, C. (1987). 100 Predictions for the Baby Boom The Next 50 Years. Basic Books New York. Torres-Gil, F. M. (1992). The New Aging Politics and Change in America. Auburn House Paperback Westport, CT.

Importance Of Oil And How It Has Changed World Politics Essay

In the modern civilisation, anoint has big signifi jackpotce. However, many people do not consider inunct to be of great signifi leavece because they only associate it with the diesel or the petrol that they use for transferee purposes. fit to Yergin (Yergin, p 17), the populace is addicted to vegetable vegetable rock anele. Due to the vegetable vegetable crudes important role in every last(predicate) countries on the whole everyplace the arena especially in the industrialized nations, there is use up for countries to fix concern to the international anoint industry.The snapper eastern hemisphere dissolutions a major role in world political sympathies in relation to inunct. Majority of the world anele militia are found in the Middle East and according to the British Petroleum company data, the Gulf oil reserves in 2005 accounted for 62 per penny .Of the world total oil reserves of 1,200bn barrels, Gulf reserves accounted for 743bn barrels. In this pape r, the importance of oil will be discussed and an evaluation on how oil has changed the world government activity will be given. interchangeImportance of oil wiz of the most important roles of oil is its contribution to the global economic development. One of the ways by which oil leads to economic development is its use in providing aptitude for various forms of transport such as planes, vehicles and trains. The modern civilization is built on oil. In almost all countries all over the world, the transport system accounts for more than than 50 per cent of oil consumption.The transport sector ascribable to its naughty dependence on oil is estimated to contribute to the worlds 90 per cent increase in carbon emissions in EU by 2010. Development and technological cash advance increases the demand for oil in the transport sector. According to Chomat (Chomat, p 10) depends heavily in oil.Engdahl (Engdahl, p 23) asserts that in Europe and the get together States, oil and oil- tak e ind products in the transport industry account for about one third of the total tot of energy consumed in the world. In India, china, and other developing nations in Asia, the economic prosperity and technological advancement has led to an increase in demand for oil in the transport sector as more trains, vehicles, and planes are being produced. In the States, the enormous fleet of vehicles, trains, and planes depend on oil for 97 per cent for fuel. For countries that know oil reserves, oil that is used in the transport industry is much cheaper.Research conducted on the elements of the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) indicated that the transport sector accounts for an increase in demand for oil. Due to the high demand for oil, world oil prices keep on increasing, making bio-fuel, solar energy and nuclear energy to shape alternative sources of energy.Apart from being used as fuel in the transport sector, oil provides energy in the operation of mach ines in the industries, factories, and fruit plants. Kenneth (Kenneth, p 36) asserts that in the industrial and domestic buildings, oil is used for heating hence making oil one of the most commonly used products at home and in industries.In the industrial sector, graphic bodge produced from oil has become a aboriginal energy source. This sector has maintained the lead in the consumption of inborn gas and it is estimated that by 2030, the industrial sector will account for 43 per cent of the projected use of natural gas. The gas has become an attractive choice for the post generating plants cod to its low carbon dioxide intensity as well as its relative fuel efficiency. It is projected that by 2030, 35 per cent of worlds consumption of natural gas will be accounted for by the electricity generation plants.The developing countries consume half of the worlds production of kerosene which is used for lighting and for cooking. In the developed nations such as the united States and the European nations, kerosene is used as jet fuel.Industries and factories that produce plastics and paints use oil as a raw material. Industries in the modern economies rely heavily on oil to produce commodities and natural gas which is produced from oil fields is a major raw material in fertilizer production. Examples of nations that produce fertilizers from natural gas are Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia which is currently one of the worlds largest oil producers. Yergin (Yergin, p 12) asserts that oil is very important in the production of food all over the world because it supports agricultural production activities. oil color that is derived from petroleum is used for heating, powering the combustion engines, and lighting. When it comes to heating purposes, the high boiling point of the oil is earnest for cooling systems and the non-polarity quality of oil makes it very significant for lubrication for various engineering purposes.This is one debate wherefore oil is very impor tant in industries where machines are used for production. The high demand for paints has been increasing over the years as modernization result to construction of buildings in urban and rural areas. Since the 15th century, oil has been used in paint production because color pigments in paints can be suspended in oil. As industries grow while others are newly makeed, demand for oil will continue to increase.How oil has changed world politicsThe use of oil in all aspects of life in the modern civilization demands that countries slang easy access to the resource. In addition, accessing oil at a cheaper price has become a critical factor for countries. The desire by nations to attain economic prosperity and financial independence influences the diplomatic and economic dealings among nations. A good example of how oil has shaped the world politics is the traffichip between the West and Middle East. Currently, Middle East region accounts for the largest world oil production. Saudi Arabia which exports oil has established diplomatic ties with the US and European nations.This influences the political relations between the nations. Before oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia, Britain had political influence in the region. When the kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established, King Abdul Aziz efforts to give concession to either a Britain or the Statesn companies to drill oil has changed the political relations between the West and Middle East. The American Standard Oil of California which won the concession make America have control over rich oil fields in the Kingdom at the mischief of the British who were competing with America for concession. Aaron (Aaron, p 21) states that since then, the political relations between the join States and Saudi Arabia have been good.The great economic benefits that oil brought to Saudi Arabia led to good diplomatic relations between the kingdom and the United States. Although the US had earlier shown little interest in Middle East p olitical matters due to its isolationist policies, its relations with Saudi Arabia has make the US to be greatly involved in political matters in the region.Saudi Arabia has become an ally of the United States as it pursues its political interest in Middle East. For example, due to the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States since the 1930s, Saudi Arabia supported the Allies during the ball War I. King Abdulaziz who is the founder of the Kingdom during the war allowed the United States aircraft to fly over the Kingdoms territory. This was vital for the US and allied nations.In addition, the good relations between America and Saudi Arabia assisted the US to deploy its troops during the cold war. The US through its troops in Saudi Arabia helped it to digest the Soviet Union and eventually, the United States managed to gain political influence in the Gulf region at the expense of Britain. The Saudi oil reserves have for a vast time given Americ a security in relation to oil. This has enabled the US maintain its political influence as a superpower. by the diplomatic ties between Saudi Arabia and the United States, America has managed to influence the political agenda of nations such as Russia. Just like the United States, Saudi Arabia does not support communism that is promoted by the Soviet Union.For nations to procure economic prosperity, oil is a very critical commodity. Matthew (Matthew, p 52) states that competition for economic and political power between nations has resulted to competition for oil. For the nations, the security of oil supplies has become an issue of concern which has in turn do the major oil producing countries which are members to the OPEC play a critical role in the security of oil supplies.It is estimated that 40 percent of oil demand in the world is met by oil supplies from OPEC countries because the countries account for 75 percent of world oil reserves. This has compelled oil exporting natio ns to develop good relations with the oil producing countries. The need to ensure that in future a country will have security of oil supplies has made countries to compete for the available oil resources. This has led to political conflicts as nations compete for the oil reserves.Furthermore, the oil affair has become an important issue in world politics. The efforts to take control of the oil trade have influenced the development of policies which have had influence on the political issues. As nations quest for oil, the political interests of the countries which export oil aim at obtaining adequate and cheap oil.The World War II had a great carry on on political relations between nations that belonged to the Allies and the axis alliances. The war encouraged diplomatic relations between nations while it increased hostility between others. According to Miller (Miller, p, 13), the Allied forces during the war accept the importance of oil in the war hence it tried to drain the Axis oil reserves.The Oil Campaign of World War II had Allied forces bomb the oil facilities that supplied the Nazi Germany with oil. The Allies and the Axis got involved into a military conflict due to differences in political ideology and need to have power. One of the factors that currently guarantee a nations of its power over other nations is oil security. To maintain power and oil security, the Allied nations formed the United Nations which up to date allows the nations to promote the acquisition of their political agenda.The relations between United States, Europe and Central Asian nations which have oil reserves have influenced politics in these nations. For instance, one of the Central Asian nations that have oil reserves that the US is interested is Kazakhastan.The oil politics in Central Asia (Oil Politics in Central Asia, 2009) indicate that for the US to access Kazakhstans oil through pipeline, the pipeline would need to go through Afghanistan.This is considered to be the reason why the US is determined to end the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The US War on threat promotes the US war in Afghanistan which has triggered political debates and shaped political relations all over world .Another issue that Wright (Wright, p 18) points out about the US political interest in Middle East is that the US invasion in Iraq was influenced by Americas quest for oil.Various national oil companies compete for the strategic oil resources. For example, development in Asian nations such as Japan and China has made the competition for the oil between oil companies to be stiff. The companies have been experiencing increased competition for oil in Eurasia and Middle East .In the past, the Chinese Sinopec and ENPC, Indias IOC and Russias Lukiol have been competing for oil resources in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The oil deals made between the national oil companies and oil producing countries has encouraged good diplomatic relations between nations. Consequently, this m akes the nations promote political agenda that does not affect the business deals.The need to benefit from the oil industry has encouraged trade alliances and agreements between nations. By forming drapement alliances, national oil companies from different nations can end political hostility between nations. On the other hand, political hostility between nations can result from the reluctance of nations to get engaged in oil trade deals. For example, Russian oil companies in the past have been reluctant to establish alliances with Chinese and Western nations oil companies.This reluctance has continued play a role in the political relation between Russia and the nations it considers to be a threat. Roger (Roger, p 52) confirms that when nations establish trade deals that aim at ensuring that a country has access to adequate oil, good relations makes the countries offer each other political support when the need to do so arises. Due to the benefits the country derive from each other, the countries tend to support similar political interests. For instance, a nation offers its political support to some other country to guard itself from economic loss if the country it depends on for oil has its oil reserves affected.The establishment of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) for example has its member countries protect each others political agenda as long as it is for the good interest of the organization. The mission of this intergovernmental organization is to ensure stability of oil markets, unify the member countries petroleum policies and ensuring regular supply of petroleum in the market.In addition, the organization commitment to ensure that those who invest in the petroleum industry get financial returns and that oil producers get a steady income has made it necessary for its members to support political agenda that benefits the member states. The member states which include United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Algeria, Angola, Libya, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, I raq, Nigeria and Iran through oil have managed influence global oil prices. The internal politics of these nations affect the OPEC production quotas which in turn influence political interests of other nations which export oil.

Corporate Social Responsibility as Business Strategy Essay

thither is a indubitable attention being paid towards social and environmental consequences of business and yet performance in this foregoing is far from satisfactory. Common trait seen across companies is that social concern and business be seen as 2 independent responsibilities and often at loggerhead. As a consequence, companies lose focus of how social responsibility could wear been integrated with the long term business outcomes. Businesses across the ground be so obsessed with the instancy of results that they arsehole non sight the vast opportunity that discharging of social responsibility holds for the long term sustainability of the organizations. As a result, base on the maturity of strategic thinking in the company, CSR is being implemented in one or more of the following guidances as shown hereCSR as Reactive strategyCSR has in ecumenical been a reactive strategy for reviving drooping fortunes of the company by gaining the confidence of the communities in whic h they operate. The slipperiness of Shell in Nigeria and that of Nike in Asian countries are just two examples to quote. With such instances on the evolve companies have started adopting a proactive approach analyzing the cost of non discharging the social responsibility and as a result do the bare minimum to pull on and thus minimizing their spending on this account. CSR is viewed by these companies as a cost and compulsion. This approach only obscures a business from identifying the real authorization CSR holds with prize to their core business. Any complacence by such companies may result in the kind of integrated scandals that we are comming across directly. Corporate misdeeds are indeed costly, if caught. CSR as Image building exerciseEfforts of companies to retrieve from the effects of not discharging social responsibility can broadly be classified as handicap control exercise as far as their forecast is concerned. Here the businesses have their back against the wall . However, CSR today is seen by companies as an opportunity for building merged image. Keen on drawing attention of media and full general public, companies announce their plans for various kinds of philatropic activities. There is nothing wrong with this kind of approach, except for the fact that such initiatives are not emphasized in the maze of important and urgent business calls.If a company can develop a systematic and delibrate approach for maintaining the focus on social welfare activities, this will not only enhance its image in the immediate emerging but consistency on this expect will help the company in building a positive reputaion of societal concern. Such image will definitely help the company in its future business forays in the region. On the early(a) hand, the image building campaign includes CSR reporting where a series of disjointed anecdotes of companies contribution to society are highlighted, which are in no way related to implementation of the business st rategy of the company. This underlines the fact that potential of CSR as a tool for image building is more easily comprehended by corporate offices rather than as a means of creating a sustainable business.CSR for modifyd operating efficiencyThere are other set of companies that take care of environment because not only does it help in operating with in the environmental norms set by statutory authorities but also cut their costs by improving operating efficiency. Operating barely with in the norms set by statutory authorities is being in the deference mode. As companies deliberately plan and move beyond the compliance mode, find the case for integration of CSR and business goals, where improved productivity or operational efficiency in current time frame also results in better environmental conditions that fosters better living conditions for future generations. This in fact is a business necessity today for improved profitability for industry and cleverly used by companies for projecting a business case for CSR and showcasing the integration of CSR and business outcomes.CSR as writer of competitive advantageBusiness must have clear understanding of the communities that they impact and must upset a serious thought to the question How the strategy helps these communities grow qualitatively along with the business in the short and long term? The answer to this question may not be obviously extravert but an open debate among the executives and strategic managers may open up options, that may help improve the quality of life indicators for the communities around in a way that enhances business opportunity for tomorrow if not the current profitability.The challenge for industry today is to identify social issues that drive its competitiveness both straightway and in the future. For this to happen managers must first believe that social concern or CSR as it is popularly known is a source of business opportunity and competitive advantage. This integration t hen would pave way for all round sustainability and growth. Sooner than most of the experts suspect, the issues relating to climate change and social responsibility in the force field of operations will be decisive factors for survival of businesses. CSR has the potential to change the way business is conducted the world over.

Hindu Religion

HINDU RELIGION Dennis E. Leber Axia College RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD (AXIA) HUM/130 NAOMI DOUMBIA AUG 14, 2007 The Hindu religious belief The Hindu religion is strongly dependent on the Hindu philosophy and in addition, has inculcated a lot of rituals and practices. The Hindu religion has 333 million gods this is because the Hindu philosophy believes that every human being is theology himself. This acceptance of the multiplicity of the Supreme Being in many forms is the hallmark of the Hindu religion. The Hindu religion is also very assimilative and has accepted many faiths into it.The Hindu religion also allows religious granting immunity and does not enforce the edicts of the religion on anyone. In fact, Hinduism teaches that a person, in order to attain dismissal from the worldly bondage, must select the religion that he is comfortable in. Hence, it accepts the existence of all other religions as a means to realize God. The Hindu religion like other religions also believes in th e action in the midst of the safe and the evil although at a lower level of existence. The religion preaches that man must advance himself through successive levels of knowledge in his quest for the final truth.Hence, the concept of the Devas, or the good deities and the Asuras, the demoniac characters are very important in the Hindu traditions. humankindy folklores revolve around the battles between the Devas and the Asuras. The important Godheads in the Hindu tradition are Brahma, Vishnu and Siva who correspond with the three Gunas or qualities of Satva (pureness), Rajas(action), and Tamas(darkness and inactivity). Man is a mixture of the three gunas and the inherent nature of a person will depend on the predominance of the three gunas in him. The Hindu Social LifeThe Hindu loving life is clan based, which was originally devised for the division of labor. Hence the Hindu society has the Brahmins, the highest class who performs rituals and is supposed to be the most amend i n terms of religion. Then comes the Kshatriyas who are the warrior and ruling class. Following them in importance comes the Vaishyas, who are the work class. Last comes the Shudras who serve the upper class. People who do not come in these four classes were previously classified as the untouchables who had to do menial jobs in the society and were looked down upon.Women were given important location in the family even though her importance in public affairs was greatly curtailed during the later historic period of Hindu history The Hindu way of life has many beliefs that were perhaps a means that offered favorable balance in the society. For example, the norm of sacrifice and the mandatory rules on feeding others helped to provide food for the needy. Similarly, the social practices were seen as the physical expressions of the philosophical edicts that Hinduism preached.For example the practice of sacrifice to the fire is a physical manifestation of the philosophic ritual of gi ving up everything for the sake of understanding the truth. Similarly, the belief that the confluence of the three rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswathi is holy, is collect to the Tantric belief that the meeting point of the three nerve centers in the body awakens the Kundalini, which is the seat of cater in the human body. The desire for liberation from earthly existence Dharma is the duty that you have to fulfill in life through your placement. Karma states that you will reap what you sow.And the desire for liberation from earthly existence is achieved through the conclave of the two aforementioned methods. Life & death has a cycle. The cycle is wrought with earthly pleasures & pain. Your intention is to be free from materialistic desires because they are temporary. Only the soul is eternal. So by meditating, fulfilling your duties, and by eventually ridding yourself of your karma you are free to exist as soul and be one with the universe as opposed to act the cycle of birth & d eath. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hindu drawn from Aug, 2007 Origin of Hinduism, About. com drawn from Aug 2007